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Electrochemical Engineering

1. Aufl.

von: Thomas F. Fuller, John N. Harb
103,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	15.02.2018
ISBN/EAN:	9781119446583
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	448

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Titelbeschreibung

A Comprehensive Reference for Electrochemical Engineering Theory and Application From chemical and electronics manufacturing, to hybrid vehicles, energy storage, and beyond, electrochemical engineering touches many industries—any many lives—every day. As energy conservation becomes of central importance, so too does the science that helps us reduce consumption, reduce waste, and lessen our impact on the planet. Electrochemical Engineering provides a reference for scientists and engineers working with electrochemical processes, and a rigorous, thorough text for graduate students and upper-division undergraduates. Merging theoretical concepts with widespread application, this book is designed to provide critical knowledge in a real-world context. Beginning with the fundamental principles underpinning the field, the discussion moves into industrial and manufacturing processes that blend central ideas to provide an advanced understanding while explaining observable results. Fully-worked illustrations simplify complex processes, and end-of chapter questions help reinforce essential knowledge. With in-depth coverage of both the practical and theoretical, this book is both a thorough introduction to and a useful reference for the field. Rigorous in depth, yet grounded in relevance, Electrochemical Engineering: <ul> <li>Introduces basic principles from the standpoint of practical application</li> <li>Explores the kinetics of electrochemical reactions with discussion on thermodynamics, reaction fundamentals, and transport</li> <li>Covers battery and fuel cell characteristics, mechanisms, and system design</li> <li>Delves into the design and mechanics of hybrid and electric vehicles, including regenerative braking, start-stop hybrids, and fuel cell systems</li> <li>Examines electrodeposition, redox-flow batteries, electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, semiconductors, and other applications of electrochemical engineering principles</li> </ul> Overlapping chemical engineering, chemistry, material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, electrochemical engineering covers a diverse array of phenomena explained by some of the important scientific discoveries of our time. Electrochemical Engineering provides the critical understanding required to work effectively with these processes as they become increasingly central to global sustainability.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface ix List of Symbols xi About the Companion Website xv 1. Introduction and Basic Principles 1 Charles W. Tobias 1.1 Electrochemical Cells 1 1.2 Characteristics of Electrochemical Reactions 2 1.3 Importance of Electrochemical Systems 4 1.4 Scientific Units, Constants, Conventions 5 1.5 Faraday’s Law 6 1.6 Faradaic Efficiency 8 1.7 Current Density 9 1.8 Potential and Ohm’s Law 9 1.9 Electrochemical Systems: Example 10 Closure 13 Further Reading 13 Problems 13 2. Cell Potential and Thermodynamics 15 Wendell Mitchell Latimer 2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 15 2.2 Cell Potential 15 2.3 Expression for Cell Potential 17 2.4 Standard Potentials 18 2.5 Effect of Temperature on Standard Potential 21 2.6 Simplified Activity Correction 22 2.7 Use of the Cell Potential 24 2.8 Equilibrium Constants 25 2.9 Pourbaix Diagrams 25 2.10 Cells with a Liquid Junction 27 2.11 Reference Electrodes 27 2.12 Equilibrium at Electrode Interface 30 2.13 Potential in Solution Due to Charge: Debye–Hückel Theory 31 2.14 Activities and Activity Coefficients 33 2.15 Estimation of Activity Coefficients 35 Closure 36 Further Reading 36 Problems 36 3. Electrochemical Kinetics 41 Alexander Naumovich Frumkin 3.1 Double Layer 41 3.2 Impact of Potential on Reaction Rate 42 3.3 Use of the Butler–Volmer Kinetic Expression 46 3.4 Reaction Fundamentals 49 3.5 Simplified Forms of the Butler–Volmer Equation 50 3.6 Direct Fitting of the Butler–Volmer Equation 52 3.7 The Influence of Mass Transfer on the Reaction Rate 54 3.8 Use of Kinetic Expressions in Full Cells 55 3.9 Current Efficiency 58 Closure 58 Further Reading 59 Problems 59 4. Transport 63 Carl Wagner 4.1 Fick’s Law 63 4.2 Nernst–Planck Equation 63 4.3 Conservation of Material 65 4.4 Transference Numbers, Mobilities, and Migration 71 4.5 Convective Mass Transfer 75 4.6 Concentration Overpotential 79 4.7 Current Distribution 81 4.8 Membrane Transport 86 Closure 87 Further Reading 88 Problems 88 5. Electrode Structures and Configurations 93 John Newman 5.1 Mathematical Description of Porous Electrodes 94 5.2 Characterization of Porous Electrodes 96 5.3 Impact of Porous Electrode on Transport 97 5.4 Current Distributions in Porous Electrodes 98 5.5 The Gas–Liquid Interface in Porous Electrodes 102 5.6 Three-Phase Electrodes 103 5.7 Electrodes with Flow 105 Closure 108 Further Reading 108 Problems 108 6. Electroanalytical Techniques and Analysis of Electrochemical Systems 113 Jaroslav Heyrovský 6.1 Electrochemical Cells, Instrumentation, and Some Practical Issues 113 6.2 Overview 115 6.3 Step Change in Potential or Current for a Semi-Infinite Planar Electrode in a Stagnant Electrolyte 116 6.4 Electrode Kinetics and Double-Layer Charging 118 6.5 Cyclic Voltammetry 122 6.6 Stripping Analyses 127 6.7 Electrochemical Impedance 129 6.8 Rotating Disk Electrodes 136 6.9 iR Compensation 139 6.10 Microelectrodes 141 Closure 145 Further Reading 145 Problems 145 7. Battery Fundamentals 151 John B. Goodenough 7.1 Components of a Cell 151 7.2 Classification of Batteries and Cell Chemistries 152 7.3 Theoretical Capacity and State of Charge 156 7.4 Cell Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance 158 7.5 Ragone Plots 163 7.6 Heat Generation 164 7.7 Efficiency of Secondary Cells 166 7.8 Charge Retention and Self-Discharge 167 7.9 Capacity Fade in Secondary Cells 168 Closure 169 Further Reading 169 Problems 169 8. Battery Applications: Cell and Battery Pack Design 175 Esther Sans Takeuchi 8.1 Introduction to Battery Design 175 8.2 Battery Layout Using a Specific Cell Design 176 8.3 Scaling of Cells to Adjust Capacity 178 8.4 Electrode and Cell Design to Achieve Rate Capability 181 8.5 Cell Construction 183 8.6 Charging of Batteries 184 8.7 Use of Resistance to Characterize Battery Peformance 185 8.8 Battery Management 186 8.9 Thermal Management Systems 188 8.10 Mechanical Considerations 190 Closure 191 Further Reading 191 Problems 191 9. Fuel-Cell Fundamentals 195 Supramaniam Srinivasan 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Types of Fuel Cells 197 9.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics and Polarizations 198 9.4 Effect of Operating Conditions and Maximum Power 202 9.5 Electrode Structure 205 9.6 Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 206 9.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 211 Closure 215 Further Reading 215 Problems 216 10. Fuel-Cell Stack and System Design 223 Francis Thomas Bacon 10.1 Introduction and Overview of Systems Analysis 223 10.2 Basic Stack Design Concepts 226 10.3 Cell Stack Configurations 228 10.4 Basic Construction and Components 229 10.5 Utilization of Oxidant and Fuel 231 10.6 Flow-Field Design 235 10.7 Water and Thermal Management 238 10.8 Structural–Mechanical Considerations 241 10.9 Case Study 245 Closure 247 Further Reading 247 Problems 247 11. Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 251 Brian Evans Conway 11.1 Capacitor Introduction 251 11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance 253 11.3 Current–Voltage Relationship for Capacitors 259 11.4 Porous EDLC Electrodes 261 11.5 Impedance Analysis of EDLCs 263 11.6 Full Cell EDLC Analysis 266 11.7 Power and Energy Capabilities 267 11.8 Cell Design, Practical Operation, and Electrochemical Capacitor Performance 269 11.9 Pseudo-Capacitance 271 Closure 273 Further Reading 273 Problems 273 12. Energy Storage and Conversion for Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles 277 Ferdinand Porsche 12.1 Why Electric and Hybrid-Electric Systems? 277 12.2 Driving Schedules and Power Demand in Vehicles 279 12.3 Regenerative Braking 281 12.4 Battery Electrical Vehicle 282 12.5 Hybrid Vehicle Architectures 284 12.6 Start–Stop Hybrid 285 12.7 Batteries for Full-Hybrid Electric Vehicles 287 12.8 Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems for Vehicles 291 Closure 293 Further Reading 294 Problems 294 Appendix: Primer on Vehicle Dynamics 295 13. Electrodeposition 299 Richard C. Alkire 13.1 Overview 299 13.2 Faraday’s Law and Deposit Thickness 300 13.3 Electrodeposition Fundamentals 300 13.4 Formation of Stable Nuclei 303 13.5 Nucleation Rates 305 13.6 Growth of Nuclei 308 13.7 Deposit Morphology 310 13.8 Additives 311 13.9 Impact of Current Distribution 312 13.10 Impact of Side Reactions 314 13.11 Resistive Substrates 316 Closure 319 Further Reading 319 Problems 319 14. Industrial Electrolysis, Electrochemical Reactors, and Redox-Flow Batteries 323 Fumio Hine 14.1 Overview of Industrial Electrolysis 323 14.2 Performance Measures 324 14.3 Voltage Losses and the Polarization Curve 328 14.4 Design of Electrochemical Reactors for Industrial Applications 331 14.5 Examples of Industrial Electrolytic Processes 337 14.6 Thermal Management and Cell Operation 341 14.7 Electrolytic Processes for a Sustainable Future 343 14.8 Redox-Flow Batteries 348 Closure 350 Further Reading 350 Problems 350 15. Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemical Cells 355 Heinz Gerischer 15.1 Semiconductor Basics 355 15.2 Energy Scales 358 15.3 Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 360 15.4 Current Flow in the Dark 363 15.5 Light Absorption 366 15.6 Photoelectrochemical Effects 368 15.7 Open-Circuit Voltage for Illuminated Electrodes 369 15.8 Photo-Electrochemical Cells 370 Closure 375 Further Reading 375 Problems 375 16. Corrosion 379 Ulick Richardson Evans 16.1 Corrosion Fundamentals 379 16.2 Thermodynamics of Corrosion Systems 380 16.3 Corrosion Rate for Uniform Corrosion 383 16.4 Localized Corrosion 390 16.5 Corrosion Protection 394 Closure 399 Further Reading 399 Problems 399 Appendix A: Electrochemical Reactions and Standard Potentials 403 Appendix B: Fundamental Constants 404 Appendix C: Thermodynamic Data 405 Appendix D: Mechanics of Materials 408 Index 413

Autorenportrait

THOMAS F. FULLER is Professor of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and a Technical Editor for the Journal of the Electrochemical Society, responsible for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and energy conversion. JOHN N. HARB is Professor of Chemical Engineering in the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University.

Back cover copy

A Comprehensive Reference for Electrochemical Engineering Theory and Application From chemical and electronics manufacturing, to hybrid vehicles, energy storage, and beyond, electrochemical engineering touches many industries—and many lives—every day. As energy conservation becomes of central importance, so too does the science that helps us reduce consumption, reduce waste, and lessen our impact on the planet. Electrochemical Engineering provides a reference for scientists and engineers working with electrochemical processes, and a rigorous, thorough text for graduate students and upper-division undergraduates. Merging theoretical concepts with widespread application, this book is designed to provide critical knowledge in a real-world context. Beginning with the fundamental principles underpinning the field, the discussion moves into industrial and manufacturing processes that blend central ideas to provide an advanced understanding while explaining observable results. Fully worked illustrations simplify complex processes, and end-of-chapter questions help reinforce essential knowledge. With in-depth coverage of both the practical and theoretical, this book is a thorough introduction to and a useful reference for the field. Rigorous in depth, yet grounded in relevance, Electrochemical Engineering: <ul> <li>Introduces basic principles from the standpoint of practical application</li> <li>Describes the influence of thermodynamics, kinetics and transport on electrochemical reaction rates</li> <li>Covers battery and fuel cell characteristics, mechanisms, and system design</li> <li>Explores the design and mechanics of hybrid and electric vehicles, including regenerative braking, start-stop hybrids, and fuel cell systems</li> <li>Examines electrodeposition, redox-flow batteries, electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, semiconductors, and other applications of electrochemical engineering principles</li> </ul> Overlapping chemical engineering, chemistry, material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, Electrochemical Engineering covers a diverse array of phenomena explained by some of the important scientific discoveries of our time. Electrochemical Engineering also provides the critical understanding required to work effectively with electrochemical processes as they become increasingly central to global sustainability.