Ectoparasites: Drug Discovery AgainstMoving Targets
Edited by Gottfried Unden, Eckhard Thines, and Anja Schüffler
Host - Pathogen Interaction
Microbial Metabolism, Pathogenicity and Antiinfectives
The Editors
Volume Editors:
Prof. Dr. Gottfried Unden
University of Mainz
Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 15
55128 Mainz
Germany
unden@uni-mainz.de
Prof. Dr. Eckhard Thines
University of Mainz
Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 15
55128 Mainz
Germany
thines@uni-mainz.de
Dr. Anja Schüffler
Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straβe 2
67663 Kaiserslautern
Germany
schueffler@ibwf.de
Series Editor:
Prof. Dr. Paul M. Selzer
Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH
Global Pharamceutical R&D AH
Binger Straβe 173
55216 Ingelheim am Rhein
Germany
paul.selzer@boehringer-ingelheim.com
and
University of Tübingen
Interfaculty Institute for Biochemstry
Tübingen
Germany
Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation
Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
United Kingdom
Cover legend
See page IX
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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33745-3
ePDF ISBN:} 978-3-527-68239-3
ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-68241-6
Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-68240-9
oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-68238-6
Cover Design Adam-Design, Weinheim, Germany
Preface
Recent developments in microscopy, genomics, molecular biology, and metabolomic analysis allow a detailed analysis of the intracellular lifestyle of endosymbiotic bacteria. The studies showed changes in the cellular organization of the host cells and the bacteria, as well as new structures and cellular functions of the colonizing bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria not only require specific mechanisms for entering the host cell. Rather development of the intracellular and pathogenic lifestyle requires redirecting and adapting of central metabolic routes for successful survival under the changed metabolic conditions and for overcoming defense reactions of the host. Many central metabolic routes have to be redirected and adapted such as to allow their function under conditions of slow growth, limitation in the supply of oxygen, carbon sources, and metal ions, changes of pH and other adverse conditions. Interestingly, various metabolic traits that were known for a long time become obvious in their significance when considered in the context of bacteria/host metabolic interaction. Therefore, studies on the metabolism of bacteria growing in their host gained significant interest. Central metabolism and its adaptation mechanisms turned out to represent important virulence factors for the survival of the bacteria within their host. Understanding the specific metabolic pathways of the bacteria under conditions of host colonization opened new and unexpected views on bacterial physiology. Part A of the book presents some recent examples of this vast area of bacterial physiology. Part B shed lights on fungi–host interactions in human- and plant-pathogenic systems as well as on signaling processes of fungi involved in environmental changes.
The rapidly increasing number and severity of human and plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi has recently led to many investigations concerning the pathogenic development and physiology of these organisms as well as interactions with their hosts. Most of our knowledge on pathogenic fungi originates from pathogens in terms of pathogenic development, infection, and spread within the host, the treatment of fungal infections, or the reduction of pathogenic effects. In recent years, the elucidation of host–fungus interaction was largely intensified. Fungi need to control their interaction with their hosts in various ways in penetration processes, survival inside hosts, and acquisition of nutrients. In addition, they have to cope with antifungal metabolites, the plant defense or the host immune system. The host may be confronted with toxic fungal metabolites demanding a response to the infection itself. In addition, this mutual interaction is affected by several parameters such as environmental changes or abiotic stress. In order to adapt to quickly changing environmental conditions, fungal pathogens have to respond to external signals. Understanding the signaling network and the chemical communication within this interaction could lead to new insights and define new targets to control pathogens. New methodologies contribute to understand essential processes during the life cycle of the pathogens and the initiation of host–pathogen interactions. The “omics” approach consisting of genome data, transcriptome analysis, proteomics, and metabolomics leads to many new possibilities to track pathological processes and elucidate their regulation and signaling.
The editors thank the contributing authors for their excellent work and the series editor Paul M. Selzer for his constructive advice and support.
Mainz and Kaiserslautern February 2016
Gottfried Unden Eckhard Thines Anja Schüffler
Cover Legend
GFP-picture in the background:
Fluorescent microscopic image of a GFP-expressing mutant of the grapevine trunk disease associated fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora growing in Vitis vinifera root tissue.
Picture: courtesy of the IBWF, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Metabolic scheme part:
Host-adapted metabolism of Legionella pneumophila can be determined by 13C-labeling experiments. On the basis of the unique isotopologue patterns, pathways, and fluxes in the formation of metabolic products and their intermediates are reflected. Thereby, information on the core metabolism of the intracellular pathogen and its adaptation to host organisms is gleaned.
Picture: courtesy of Dr Eisenreich, see chapter 2 for details.
List of Contributors
Robert L. Davies*
University of Glasgow
Institute of Infection
Immunity, and Inflammation
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
Sir Graeme Davies Building
120 University Place
Glasgow, G12 8TA
UK
robert.davies@glasgow.ac.uk
Petra Dersch*
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
Department of Molecular Infection Biology
Inhoffenstr. 7
Braunschweig, 38124
Germany
petra.dersch@helmholtz-hzi.de
Wolfgang Eisenreich*
Technische Universität München
Lehrstuhl für Biochemie
Lichtenbergstr. 4
85747 Garching
Germany
wolfgang.eisenreich@mytum.de
Andrew J. Foster
University of Exeter
School of Biosciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road
Exeter, EX4 4QD
UK
Christopher F. Harrison
Ludwig-Maximilians University
Department of Medicine
Max von Pettenkofer Institute
Pettenkoferstrasse 9a
80336, Munich
Germany
Michael Hensel*
Universität Osnabrück
Abteilung Mikrobiologie
Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie
Barbarastr. 11
49076, Osnabrück
Germany
michael.hensel@biologie.uni-osnabrueck.de
Ann Kathrin Heroven
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
Department of Molecular Infection Biology
Inhoffenstr. 7
Braunschweig, 38124
Germany
Klaus Heuner
Robert Koch Institute
Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens
ZBS 2, Seestraβe 10
13353 Berlin
Germany
Hubert Hilbi*
University of Zürich
Department of Medicine
Institute of Medical Microbiology
Gloriastrasse 30/32
8006 Zürich
Switzerland
hilbi@imm.uzh.ch
Cian Hill
University College Cork
National University of Ireland
School of Microbiology
Cork
Ireland
Peter Holtkötter
Universität Osnabrück
Abteilung Mikrobiologie
Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie
Barbarastr. 11
49076, Osnabrück
Germany
Stefan Jacob*
Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF)
Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56
67663, Kaiserslautern
Germany
jacob@ibwf.de
Corinna Kübler
Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF)
Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56
67663, Kaiserslautern
Germany
George R. Littlejohn
University of Exeter School of Biosciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road
Exeter, EX4 4QD
UK
Paul W. O'Toole*
University College Cork
National University of Ireland
School of Microbiology, Cork
Ireland
and
University College Cork
National University of Ireland
Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
Cork
Ireland
pwotoole@ucc.ie
Antoine Porquier
INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER INRA-AgroParisTech
Avenue Lucien Brétignières
78850, Grignon
France
R. Paul Ross
Teagasc Food Research Centre
Food Biosciences Department
Moorepark
Fermoy
County Cork
Ireland
and
University College Cork
National University of Ireland
Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
Cork
Ireland
Anja Schüffler*}
Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF)
Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56
67663, Kaiserslautern
Germany
schueffler@ibwf.de
Julia Schumacher
WWU Münster, IBBP
Schlossplatz 8
48143, Münster
Germany
Adeline Simon
INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER INRA-AgroParisTech
Avenue Lucien Brétignières
78850, Grignon
France
Darren M. Soanes
University of Exeter, School of Biosciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road
Exeter, EX4 4QD
UK
Catherine Stanton
Teagasc Food Research Centre
Food Biosciences Department
Moorepark
Fermoy
County Cork
Ireland
and
University College Cork
National University of Ireland
Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
Cork
Ireland
Nicholas J. Talbot*
University of Exeter
School of Biosciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road
Exeter, EX4 4QD
UK
n.j.talbot@exeter.ac.uk
Muriel Viaud*
INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER INRA-AgroParisTech
Avenue Lucien Brétignières
78850, Grignon
France
viaud@versailles.inra.fr
Sebastian E. Winter*
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Department of Microbiology
5323 Harry Hines Blvd
Dallas, TX 75390
USA
sebastian.winter@UTSouthwestern.edu
Alexander Yemelin
Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF)
Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56
67663, Kaiserslautern
Germany
*corresponding author
Part One Adaptation of Microbial Metabolism in Host/Pathogen Interaction