Table of Contents
Cover
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Part A: Molecular Biology, Enzyme Screening and Bioinformatics
Chapter 1: Engineering Lipases with an Expanded Genetic Code
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Enzyme Activity of Lipases from Different Sources and Engineering Approaches
1.3 Noncanonical Amino Acids in Lipase Design and Engineering
1.4 Case Study: Manipulating Proline, Phenylalanine, and Methionine Residues in Lipase
1.5 “Unnatural” Lipases Are Able to Catalyze Reactions under Different Hostile Environments
1.6 Lipase Engineering via Bioorthogonal Chemistries: Activity and Immobilization
1.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 2: Screening of Enzymes: Novel Screening Technologies to Exploit Noncultivated Microbes for Biotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sequence- versus Function-Based Metagenomic Approach to Find Novel Biocatalysts
2.3 Alternative Hosts, Metatranscriptomics, and Metaproteomics
2.4 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Robust Biocatalysts – Routes to New Diversity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Metagenomics to Retrieve New Genes from Extremophilic Microorganisms
3.3 Microbial Expression Hosts for the Production of Extremozymes
3.4 Molecular Biology Approaches for Enzyme Improvement
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Application of High-Throughput Screening in Biocatalysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Discussions
4.3 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Supporting Biocatalysis Research with Structural Bioinformatics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Computational Tools to Assist Biocatalysis Research
5.3 From Active Site Analysis to Protein Stability Considerations
5.4 Applying DoGSiteScorer and HYDE to Biocatalytical Questions
5.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Engineering Proteases for Industrial Applications
6.1 Proteases in Industry
6.2 Serine Proteases and Subtilisins
6.3 Proteases as Additives in Laundry Detergents
6.4 Engineering
B. lentus
Alkaline Protease toward Increased Inhibition by Benzylmalonic Acid
6.5 Engineering Subtilisin Protease toward Increased Oxidative Resistance
6.6 Increasing Protease Tolerance against Chaotropic Agents
6.7 Directed Evolution of Subtilisin E toward High Activity in the Presence of Guanidinium Chloride and Sodium Dodecylsulfate
6.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Part B: Biocatalytic Synthesis
Chapter 7: Biocatalytic Synthesis of Natural Products by O-Methyltransferases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification and Mechanistic Aspects of
O
-Methyltransferases
7.3 Cofactor Dependence and Regeneration
7.4 Natural OMT Products in Industrial Applications
7.5 OMTs in Biocatalytic Synthesis
7.6 Challenges and Perspectives
7.7 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Biocatalytic Phosphorylation of Metabolites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthetic Aspects of Biocatalytic Phosphorylations
8.3 Development of Analytical Methods
8.4 Stability of Phosphorylated Metabolites
8.5 Phosphate Donors
8.6 Emerging Biocatalytic Phosphorylation Reactions
8.7 Reaction Engineering for Biocatalytic Phosphorylation Processes
8.8 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 9: Flavonoid Biotechnology – New Ways to High-Added-Value Compounds
9.1 Flavonoids
9.2 Metabolic Pathways of Flavonoids
9.3 Biotechnological Processes for the Production of High-Added-Value Flavonoids
9.4 Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Transaminases – A Biosynthetic Route for Chiral Amines
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biocatalysts as Attractive Alternatives to Access Enantiopure Chiral Amines
10.3 Transaminases as a Biosynthetic Route for Chiral Amines
10.4 Amine Transaminases (ATAs) for the Production of Chiral Amines
10.5 Kinetic Resolution and Asymmetric Reductive Amination Using ATAs
10.6 Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11: Biocatalytic Processes for the Synthesis of Chiral Alcohols
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Statin Side Chain
11.3
o
-Chloromandelic Acid and Its Derivatives
11.4 Ethyl 2-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate
11.5 Ethyl 4-Chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate
11.6 3-Quinuclidinol
11.7 3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanenitrile
11.8 Menthol
11.9 Halogen-Substituted 1-Phenylethanol
11.10 Summary and Outlook
References
Part C: Reaction and Process Engineering
Chapter 12: Inorganic Adsorbents in Enzymatic Processes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Porous Inorganic Adsorbents for Enzyme Purification Processes (Alumina, Aluminosilicates, Precipitated Silica)
12.3 Immobilization of Phospholipase A1 and A2 for the Degumming of Edible Oils
12.4 Immobilization of
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
‘A’ and
Candida antarctica
Lipase B on Precipitated Silica by Layer-by-Layer-Technology
12.5 Molecular Modeling Calculations of the ADH-‘A’ Immobilization onto Polyelectrolyte Surfaces
12.6 Application of Clays and Zeolites for Adsorption of Educts and Products of Reactions with Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Aqueous Reaction Media
12.7 Product Separation from Complex Mixtures of Biocatalytic Transformations
12.8 Continuous Production and Discontinuous Selective Adsorption of Short-Chain Alcohols in a Fixed-Bed Reactor with Alumina Oxides
12.9 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13: Industrial Application of Membrane Chromatography for the Purification of Enzymes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Membrane Adsorber
13.3 Case Studies and Used Model Enzymes
13.4 Experimental
13.5 Case Study 1: Purification of Penicillin G Amidase
13.6 Case Study 2: Purification of Cellulase Cel5A
13.7 Case Study 3: Purification of Lipase aGTL
13.8 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14: Fermentation of Lactic Acid Bacteria: State of the Art and New Perspectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Factors Effecting Growth and Productivity of Lactic Acid Bacteria
14.3 Fermentation Techniques for Growth and Production
14.4 Case Study: Fixed-Bed Reactor with Immobilized Cells
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: The Bubble Column Reactor: A Novel Reactor Type for Cosmetic Esters
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bubble Column Reactor in Comparison to Other Reactor Types
15.3 Case Study: Enzymatic Production of Cosmetic Esters
15.4
In situ
Online Measurements in a Bubble Column Reactor by Means of Fourier Transformed Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
15.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 16: Pharmaceutical Intermediates by Biocatalysis: From Fundamental Science to Industrial Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Boceprevir: Oxidation of 6,6-Dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane by Monoamine Oxidase
16.3 Pregabalin: Enzymatic Preparation of (
S
)-3-Cyano-5-methylhexanoic Acid Ethyl Ester
16.4 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1): Enzymatic Synthesis of (
S
)-Amino-3-[3-{6-(2-methylphenyl)} pyridyl]-propionic Acid
16.5 Rhinovirus Protease Inhibitor: Enzymatic Preparation of (
R
)-3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy Propionic Acid
16.6 Saxagliptin: Enzymatic Synthesis of (
S
)-
N
-boc-3-Hydroxyadamantylglycine
16.7 Sitagliptin: Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Amine
16.8 Montelukast: Enzymatic Reduction for the Synthesis of Leukotriene D (LTD) 4 Antagonists
16.9 Clopidogrel: Enzymatic Preparation of (
S
)-2-Chloromandelic Acid Esters
16.10 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptors Antagonist: Enzymatic Preparation of (
R
)-2-Amino-3-(7-methyl-1 H-indazol-5-yl)propanoic Acid
16.11 Chemokine Receptor Modulators: Enzymatic Desymmetrization of Dimethyl Ester
16.12 Regioselective Enzymatic Acylation of Ribavirin
16.13 Atorvastatin: Enzymatic Preparation of (
R
)-4-Cyano-3-hydroxybutyrate
16.14 Atazanavir, Telaprevir, Boceprevir: Enzymatic Synthesis of (
S
)-Tertiary-leucine
16.15 Relenza (Zanamivir): Enzymatic Synthesis of
N
-Acetylneuraminic Acid
16.16 Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin: Aldolase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Lactol Intermediates
16.17 Anticancer Drugs: Epothilone B and Microbial Hydroxylation of Epothiolone B
16.18 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 (CRF-1) Receptor Antagonist: Enzymatic Synthesis of (
S
)-1-Cyclopropyl-2-methoxyethanamine
16.19 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17: Biocatalysis toward New Biobased Building Blocks for Polymeric Materials
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Questions and Answers that Lead Us toward Sustainability in Plastic Materials
17.3 Criteria and Qualifiers for New Biobased Building Blocks for Plastics Applications
17.4 Criteria and Qualifiers for Launching New Biobased Building Blocks for Plastics Applications in New Value Chains
17.5 Position of Biobased Building Blocks Innovation in the Plastics Pyramid
17.6 Biocatalysis Conversions and Challenges toward newBBBB
17.7 Biocatalytic Cascade Reactions to Functional Building Blocks for Materials
17.8 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
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