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From Deep Sea to Laboratory 2


From Deep Sea to Laboratory 2

Discovering H.M.S. Challenger's Physical Measurements Relating to Ocean Circulation
1. Aufl.

von: Frederic Aitken, Jean-Numa Foulc

139,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 24.05.2019
ISBN/EAN: 9781119584865
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 230

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Beschreibungen

<p>The scientific expedition of H.M.S. Challenger in the 1870s marks the starting point of physical oceanography. This ship traveled the seas of the globe pursuing a dual objective: to conduct an in-depth study of animal life and to observe the physical properties of ocean waters.<br /> <br /> Volume 2 analyzes and uses for the first time the physical measurements collected by the scientists of the Challenger to show that their surveys establish the link between ocean circulation and the distribution of the ocean’s temperature.<br /> <br /> From Deep Sea to Laboratory is available in three volumes for curious readers drawn to travel, history and science. Students, researchers and teachers of physics, fluid mechanics and oceanography will find material to deepen their knowledge.</p>
<p>Foreword vii</p> <p>Preface xi</p> <p>Notations xv</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. The Vertical Distribution of Temperature in the Ocean </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1. Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2. Measuring the temperature of ocean waters 5</p> <p>1.2.1. Ordinary thermometers 8</p> <p>1.2.2. Recording thermometers 10</p> <p>1.2.3. Electric thermometer 19</p> <p>1.3. Sources of errors in temperature measurement 21</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Global Ocean Circulation </b><b>33</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 34</p> <p>2.2. Global ocean circulation 38</p> <p>2.2.1. Geostrophic flow 40</p> <p>2.2.2. Sverdrup relation: transport of planetary vorticity or effect of latitude on flow? 52</p> <p>2.3. Conclusion and summary 67</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. A Brief Consideration of Thermocline Properties </b><b>71</b></p> <p>3.1. Modeling of the thermocline 72</p> <p>3.1.1. Taking heat exchanges into account 72</p> <p>3.1.2. Setting up boundary conditions 82</p> <p>3.2. Assumptions used to solve the thermocline model 87</p> <p>3.2.1. First simplified approaches 87</p> <p>3.2.2. Approach proposed by the authors 88</p> <p>3.2.3. Formulating the equation of state 93</p> <p>3.2.4. Discussion 100</p> <p>3.3. Characteristic properties of the thermocline 101</p> <p>3.3.1. Determining the characteristic scale of the thermocline depth from measurements 101</p> <p>3.3.2. Examples of empirical expressions of <i>k</i><sub>0th</sub>(θ)<sup>-1</sup> 106</p> <p>3.3.3. Vertical velocity at the base of the thermocline 109</p> <p>3.3.4. Ocean water temperature, measurements and models 111</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Effect of the Ocean Mixed Layer (OML) </b><b>117</b></p> <p>4.1. Ocean mixed layer modeling 118</p> <p>4.1.1. Ekman layer 124</p> <p>4.1.2. Consequences of Ekman transport 134</p> <p>4.1.3. Conclusion and summary 141</p> <p>4.2. Coupling between the OML and the geostrophic layer 143</p> <p>4.2.1. Taking the bottom boundary layer into account 147</p> <p>4.2.2. Coupling of Ekman boundary layers with the thermocline 158</p> <p>4.3. Seasonal fluctuations 175</p> <p>4.3.1. Role of the vertical temperature gradient in the OML 178</p> <p>4.3.2. Effect of the Earth’s rotation on stratification 182</p> <p>4.4. Role of sea ice 187</p> <p>4.5. Thermohaline circulation 192</p> <p>Conclusion 197</p> <p>References 201</p> <p>Index 205</p> <p>Summary of Volume 1 209</p>
<p> Frédéric Aitken is a CNRS researcher who has previously worked at the Electrostatics and Dielectric Materials Laboratory (LEMD) and is currently working at the Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (G2Elab). He is the former President of the Alps section of the French Society of Physics.<br /> <br /> Jean-Numa Foulc is Honorary Professor at Grenoble Alpes University in France. He has had successive positions as an Assistant Professor and then Professor at the Universities of Rouen, Montpellier and Grenoble (Polytech Grenoble). He is currently a researcher at G2Elab.</p> <p> </p>

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