Details

Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production


Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production


Wiley Series in Corrosion 2. Aufl.

von: Robert Heidersbach

126,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 17.09.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9781119252382
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 368

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>Details the proper methods to assess, prevent, and reduce corrosion in the oil industry using today's most advanced technologies</b> </p> <p>This book discusses upstream operations, with an emphasis on production, and pipelines, which are closely tied to upstream operations. It also examines protective coatings, alloy selection, chemical treatments, and cathodic protection—the main means of corrosion control. The strength and hardness levels of metals is also discussed, as this affects the resistance of metals to hydrogen embrittlement, a major concern for high-strength steels and some other alloys. It is intended for use by personnel with limited backgrounds in chemistry, metallurgy, and corrosion and will give them a general understanding of how and why corrosion occurs and the practical approaches to how the effects of corrosion can be mitigated.</p> <p><i>Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition</i> updates the original chapters while including a new case studies chapter. Beginning with an introduction to oilfield metallurgy and corrosion control, the book provides in-depth coverage of the field with chapters on: chemistry of corrosion; corrosive environments; materials; forms of corrosion; corrosion control; inspection, monitoring, and testing; and oilfield equipment.</p> <ul> <li>Covers all aspects of upstream oil and gas production from downhole drilling to pipelines and tanker terminal operations</li> <li>Offers an introduction to corrosion for entry-level corrosion control specialists</li> <li>Contains detailed photographs to illustrate descriptions in the text</li> </ul> <p><i>Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition</i> is an excellent book for engineers and related professionals in the oil and gas production industries. It will also be an asset to the entry-level corrosion control professional who may have a theoretical background in metallurgy, chemistry, or a related field, but who needs to understand the practical limitations of large-scale industrial operations associated with oil and gas production.</p>
<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Oilfield Metallurgy and Corrosion Control 1</b></p> <p>Costs, 1</p> <p>Safety, 2</p> <p>Environmental Damage, 2</p> <p>Corrosion Control, 3</p> <p>References, 3</p> <p><b>2 Chemistry of Corrosion 5</b></p> <p>Electrochemistry of Corrosion, 5</p> <p>Electrochemical Reactions, 5</p> <p>Electrolyte Conductivity, 6</p> <p>Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis, 6</p> <p>Electrode Potentials and Current, 6</p> <p>Corrosion Rate Expressions, 10</p> <p>pH, 10</p> <p>Passivity, 11</p> <p>Potential‐pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams, 11</p> <p>Summary, 12</p> <p>References, 12</p> <p><b>3 Corrosive Environments 15</b></p> <p>External Environments, 16</p> <p>Atmospheric Corrosion, 17</p> <p>Water as a Corrosive Environment, 18</p> <p>Soils as Corrosive Environments, 20</p> <p>Corrosion Under Insulation, 21</p> <p>Internal Environments, 24</p> <p>Crude Oil, 24</p> <p>Natural Gas, 25</p> <p>Oxygen, 26</p> <p>Carbon Dioxide, 26</p> <p>Hydrogen Sulfide, 29</p> <p>Organic Acids, 32</p> <p>Scale, 33</p> <p>Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC), 36</p> <p>Mercury, 41</p> <p>Hydrates, 41</p> <p>Fluid Flow Effects on Corrosion, 41</p> <p>Summary, 41</p> <p>References, 42</p> <p><b>4 Materials 47</b></p> <p>Metallurgy Fundamentals, 47</p> <p>Crystal Structure, 47</p> <p>Material Defects, Inclusions, and Precipitates, 48</p> <p>Strengthening Methods, 50</p> <p>Mechanical Properties, 51</p> <p>Forming Methods, 60</p> <p>Castings, 60</p> <p>Wrought Metal Products, 60</p> <p>Welding, 61</p> <p>Clad Metals, 65</p> <p>Additive Manufacturing, 65</p> <p>Materials Specifications, 65</p> <p>API – The American Petroleum Institute, 66</p> <p>AISI – The American Iron and Steel Institute, 66</p> <p>ASTM International (Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials), 66</p> <p>ASME – The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 67</p> <p>SAE International (Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers), 67</p> <p>UNS – The Universal Numbering System, 67</p> <p>NACE – The Corrosion Society (Formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers), 68</p> <p>Other Organizations, 68</p> <p>Use of Materials Specifications, 68</p> <p>Carbon Steels, Cast Irons, and Low‐Alloy Steels, 69</p> <p>Classifications of Carbon Steels, 71</p> <p>Alloying Elements and Their Influence on Properties of Steel, 72</p> <p>Strengthening Methods for Carbon Steels, 74</p> <p>Quench and Tempered (Q&T) Steels, 75</p> <p>Carbon Equivalents and Weldability, 76</p> <p>Cleanliness of Steel, 76</p> <p>Cast Irons, 76</p> <p>Corrosion‐Resistant Alloys (CRAs), 77</p> <p>Iron–Nickel Alloys, 77</p> <p>Stainless Steels, 78</p> <p>Nickel‐based Alloys, 83</p> <p>Cobalt‐based Alloys, 84</p> <p>Titanium Alloys, 84</p> <p>Copper Alloys, 86</p> <p>Aluminum Alloys, 89</p> <p>Additional Considerations with CRAs, 91</p> <p>Polymers, Elastomers, and Composites, 93</p> <p>Materials Selection Guidelines, 97</p> <p>References, 97</p> <p><b>5 Forms of Corrosion 101</b></p> <p>Introduction, 101</p> <p>General Corrosion, 102</p> <p>Galvanic Corrosion, 104</p> <p>Galvanic Coupling of Two or More Metals, 104</p> <p>Area Ratio, 105</p> <p>Metallurgically Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 107</p> <p>Environmentally Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 109</p> <p>Polarity Reversal, 111</p> <p>Conductivity of the Electrolyte, 111</p> <p>Control of Galvanic Corrosion, 111</p> <p>Pitting Corrosion, 112</p> <p>Occluded Cell Corrosion, 113</p> <p>Pitting Corrosion Geometry and Stress Concentration, 114</p> <p>Pitting Initiation, 115</p> <p>Pitting Resistance Equivalent Numbers (PRENs), 115</p> <p>Pitting Statistics, 116</p> <p>Prevention of Pitting Corrosion, 117</p> <p>Crevice Corrosion, 117</p> <p>Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS), 119</p> <p>Pack Rust, 120</p> <p>Crevice Corrosion Mechanisms, 121</p> <p>Alloy Selection, 121</p> <p>Filiform Corrosion, 122</p> <p>Intergranular Corrosion, 123</p> <p>Stainless Steels, 123</p> <p>Corrosion Parallel to Forming Directions, 124</p> <p>Aluminum, 124</p> <p>Other Alloys, 125</p> <p>Dealloying, 125</p> <p>Mechanism, 125</p> <p>Selective Phase Attack, 126</p> <p>Susceptible Alloys, 126</p> <p>Control, 126</p> <p>Erosion Corrosion, 127</p> <p>Mechanism, 127</p> <p>Velocity Effects and ANSI/API RP14E, 128</p> <p>Materials, 130</p> <p>Cavitation, 130</p> <p>Areas of Concern, 131</p> <p>Erosion and Erosion‐corrosion Control, 133</p> <p>Environmentally Assisted Cracking, 134</p> <p>Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), 135</p> <p>Hydrogen Embrittlement and H2S‐related Cracking, 139</p> <p>Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME), 143</p> <p>Corrosion Fatigue, 143</p> <p>Other Forms of Corrosion Important to Oilfield Operations, 145</p> <p>Oxygen Attack, 145</p> <p>Sweet Corrosion, 145</p> <p>Sour Corrosion, 145</p> <p>Mesa Corrosion, 145</p> <p>Top‐of‐Line (TOL) Corrosion, 145</p> <p>Channeling Corrosion, 146</p> <p>Grooving Corrosion: Selective Seam Corrosion, 148</p> <p>Wireline Corrosion, 148</p> <p>Additional Forms of Corrosion Found in Oil and Gas Operations, 148</p> <p>Additional Comments, 152</p> <p>References, 153</p> <p><b>6 Corrosion Control 159</b></p> <p>Protective Coatings, 159</p> <p>Paint Components, 159</p> <p>Coating Systems, 160</p> <p>Corrosion Protection by Paint Films, 160</p> <p>Desirable Properties of Protective Coating Systems, 161</p> <p>Developments in Coatings Technology, 162</p> <p>Surface Preparation, 162</p> <p>Purposes of Various Coatings, 166</p> <p>Generic Binder Classifications, 167</p> <p>Coatings Suitable for Various Service Environments or Applications, 169</p> <p>Coatings Inspection, 169</p> <p>Areas of Concern and Inspection Concentration, 174</p> <p>Linings, Wraps, Greases, and Waxes, 176</p> <p>Coatings Failures, 180</p> <p>Metallic Coatings, 189</p> <p>Useful Publications, 192</p> <p>Water Treatment and Corrosion Inhibition, 192</p> <p>Oil Production Techniques, 193</p> <p>Water Analysis, 193</p> <p>Gas Stripping and Vacuum Deaeration, 194</p> <p>Corrosion Inhibitors, 194</p> <p>Cathodic Protection, 199</p> <p>How Cathodic Protection Works, 201</p> <p>Types of Cathodic Protection, 203</p> <p>Cathodic Protection Criteria, 214</p> <p>Inspection and Monitoring, 216</p> <p>Cathodic Protection Design, 220</p> <p>Additional Topics Related to Cathodic Protection, 224</p> <p>Summary of Cathodic Protection, 227</p> <p>Standards for Cathodic Protection, 227</p> <p>References, 228</p> <p><b>7 Inspection, Monitoring, and Testing 233</b></p> <p>Inspection, 235</p> <p>Visual Inspection (VT), 235</p> <p>Penetrant Testing (PT), 236</p> <p>Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT), 237</p> <p>Ultrasonic Inspection (UT), 237</p> <p>Radiography (RT), 238</p> <p>Eddy Current Inspection, 240</p> <p>Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Inspection, 241</p> <p>Positive Material Identification (PMI), 242</p> <p>Thermography, 242</p> <p>Additional Remarks About Inspection, 243</p> <p>Monitoring, 244</p> <p>Monitoring Probes, 244</p> <p>Electrochemical Corrosion Rate Monitoring Techniques, 250</p> <p>Hydrogen Probes, 253</p> <p>Sand Monitoring, 254</p> <p>Fluid Analysis, 255</p> <p>Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), 257</p> <p>Additional Comments on Monitoring, 258</p> <p>Testing, 258</p> <p>Hydrostatic Testing, 258</p> <p>Laboratory and Field Trial Testing, 260</p> <p>References, 262</p> <p><b>8 Oilfield Equipment 265</b></p> <p>Drilling and Exploration, 265</p> <p>Drill Pipe, 265</p> <p>Tool Joints, 268</p> <p>Blowout Preventers (BOPs), 268</p> <p>Wells and Wellhead Equipment, 269</p> <p>History of Production, 270</p> <p>Downhole Corrosive Environments, 271</p> <p>Annular Spaces, 275</p> <p>Types of Wells, 275</p> <p>Tubing, Casing, and Capillary Tubing, 277</p> <p>Corrosion Inhibitors for Tubing and Casing in Production Wells, 280</p> <p>Internally Coated Tubing for Oilfield Wells, 283</p> <p>Wireline, 285</p> <p>Coiled Tubing, 285</p> <p>Material and Corrosion Concerns with Artificial Lift Systems, 286</p> <p>Facilities and Surface Equipment, 291</p> <p>Piping, 291</p> <p>Storage Tanks, 293</p> <p>Heat Exchangers, 297</p> <p>Other Equipment, 301</p> <p>Bolting, Studs, and Fasteners, 301</p> <p>Problems with Bolted Connections, 306</p> <p>International Bolting Standards, 307</p> <p>Flares, 312</p> <p>Corrosion Under Insulation, 312</p> <p>Pipelines and Flowlines, 319</p> <p>Pipeline Problems and Failures, 319</p> <p>Forms of Corrosion Important in Pipelines and Flowlines, 321</p> <p>Repairs and Derating Due to Corrosion, 323</p> <p>Casings for Road and Railway Crossings, 323</p> <p>Pipeline and Flowline Materials, 324</p> <p>Pipeline Hydrotesting, 326</p> <p>Seawater Injection Pipelines/Flowlines, 327</p> <p>External Corrosion of Pipelines, 327</p> <p>Internal Corrosion of Pipelines, 330</p> <p>Inspection, Condition Assessment, and Testing, 332</p> <p>Offshore and Marine Applications, 336</p> <p>Offshore Pipelines, 336</p> <p>Offshore Structures, 337</p> <p>References, 342</p> <p>Index</p>
<p><b>Robert Heidersbach, PhD,</b> is the President of Dr. Rust, Inc., a consulting firm that specializes in corrosion, metallurgy, and materials consulting for a variety of international clients, including oil and gas production, military hardware, construction, litigation, and failure analysis. He was previously a faculty member in ocean engineering at the University of Rhode Island, chemical engineering at Oklahoma State, and metallurgy and materials engineering at California Polytechnic State University.
<p><b>Details the Proper Methods to Assess, Prevent, and Reduce Corrosion in the Oil Industry Using Today's Most Advanced Technologies</b> <p>This book discusses upstream operations, with an emphasis on production, and pipelines, which are closely tied to upstream operations. It also examines protective coatings, alloy selection, chemical treatments, and cathodic protection—the main means of corrosion control. The strength and hardness levels of metals is also discussed, as this affects the resistance of metals to hydrogen embrittlement, a major concern for high-strength steels and some other alloys. It is intended for use by personnel with limited backgrounds in chemistry, metallurgy, and corrosion and will give them a general understanding of how and why corrosion occurs and the practical approaches to how the effects of corrosion can be mitigated. <p><i>Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition</i> begins with an introduction to oilfield metallurgy and corrosion control, the book provides in-depth coverage of the field with chapters on: chemistry of corrosion; corrosive environments; materials; forms of corrosion; corrosion control; inspection, monitoring, and testing; and oilfield equipment. <ul> <li>Covers all aspects of upstream oil and gas production from downhole drilling to pipelines and tanker terminal operations</li> <li>Offers an introduction to corrosion for entry-level corrosion control specialists</li> <li>Contains detailed photographs to illustrate descriptions in the text</li> </ul> <p><i>Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition</i> is an excellent book for engineers and related professionals in the oil and gas production industries. It will also be an asset to the entry-level corrosion control professional who may have a theoretical background in metallurgy, chemistry, or a related field, but who needs to understand the practical limitations of large-scale industrial operations associated with oil and gas production.

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