Copyright © Polity 2017

The right of Polity to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2017 by Polity Press

Polity Press

65 Bridge Street

Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

101 Station Landing, Suite 300

Melford, MA 02155, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1571-4

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1572-1(pb)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Hale, Thomas (Thomas Nathan), editor. | Held, David, editor.

Title: Beyond gridlock / [edited by] Thomas Hale, David Held.

Description: Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA : Polity Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017004155 (print) | LCCN 2017022001 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509515745 (Mobi) | ISBN 9781509515752 (Epub) | ISBN 9781509515714 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509515721 (pbk.)

Subjects: LCSH: International cooperation. | Economic policy--International cooperation. | Environmental policy--International cooperation. | Globalization--Political aspects. | World politics.

Classification: LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | LCC JZ1318 .B483 2017 (print) | DDC 337--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004155

Typeset in 10.5 on 13 pt Swift

by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website:

politybooks.com

Figures

1.1 International organizations and their offshoots, absolute number and annual rate of growth

2.1 The proliferation of global financial regulatory standards, 1983–2015

2.2 Bank lending in international and domestic components, 2000–2014

3.1 Foreign exchange reserve accumulation in G20 emerging countries in Asia and Latin America, 1990–2015

13.1 Self-reinforcing gridlock

Tables

1.1 Gridlock trends and their mechanisms

1.2 Pathways through and beyond gridlock and their mechanisms

1.3 Pathways through and beyond gridlock across areas of world politics examined in this book

3.1 Institutional fragmentation in the international monetary system: regional arrangements in US dollars created or reinforced by the G20 emerging countries after the 2008 crisis

3.2 Institutional fragmentation in the international monetary system: arrangements in national currencies created by the G20 emerging countries after the 2008 crisis

7.1 Pathways out of gridlock in forced migration

8.1 Pathways through or beyond gridlock in human rights governance

Garrett Wallace Brown is Professor of Political Theory and Global Health Policy in the School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds. His research includes work on cosmopolitanism, globalization theory, global justice, international law and global health governance. He has published widely on issues in global health and has recently published Global Health Policy (2014) and The Global Politics of Health Reform in Africa (2015). His current Medical Research Council research is investigating whether performance-based financing is an effective policy mechanism for African health system strengthening.

Michael Clarke was Professor of Defence Studies at King's College London from 1995 and was the Director General of the Royal United Services Institute from 2007 to 2015. He remains Visiting Professor at King's and also at the University of Exeter and is a Specialist Advisor both to the House of Commons Defence Committee and to the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy. In 2016 he began chairing an Inquiry into drone warfare on behalf of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Drones.

Camila Villard Duran is an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of São Paulo. She was an Associate Fellow of the Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Fellowship Program run by the Global Economic Governance Programme at the University of Oxford and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University (2014–2016). Camila Villard Duran was awarded her joint-PhD degree in Law by the University of São Paulo and the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (2009–2012). She works on issues related to regulation of money and finance, international economic law, the sociology of economic law, and central bank swaps.

Ann Florini is Professor of Public Policy, School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, and Academic Director of SMU's Master of Tri-Sector Collaboration. She is also Non-resident Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. She is an authority on new approaches to global governance. Her work currently focuses on the roles of tri-sector collaborations involving government, civil society and the private sector in addressing global issues. Her books include China Experiments: From Local Innovation to National Reform (with Hairong Lai and Yeling Tan, 2012); The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World (2007); The Coming Democracy: New Rules for Running a New World (2003); and The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (2000).

Thomas Hale is Associate Professor of Public Policy (Global Public Policy) at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. His research explores how we can manage transnational problems effectively and fairly. He seeks to explain how political institutions evolve – or not – to face the challenges raised by globalization and interdependence, with a particular emphasis on environmental and economic issues. His books include Between Interests and Law: The Politics of Transnational Commercial Disputes (2015), Transnational Climate Change Governance (with Harriet Bulkeley et al., 2014) and Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need It Most (with David Held and Kevin Young, 2013).

David Held is Master of University College, Durham and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Durham University. Among his publications are Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need It Most (with Thomas Hale and Kevin Young, 2013), Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities (2010), Globalization/Anti-Globalization (with Anthony McGrew, 2007), Models of Democracy (2006), Global Covenant (2004), Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (with Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, 1999), and Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (1995). His main research interests include the study of globalization, changing forms of democracy and the prospects of regional and global governance. He is a Director of Polity Press, which he co-founded in 1984, and General Editor of Global Policy.

Lucas Kello is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Oxford University. He serves as Director of the Cyber Studies Programme, a major research and teaching initiative on all aspects of the modern information society. He is also Co-Director of the university's interdisciplinary Centre for Doctoral Training in Cyber Security.

Andreas Klasen is Professor of International Business at Offenburg University, Senior Honorary Fellow at Durham University and Visiting Fellow at Newcastle Business School. Previously, he was a Partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers and Managing Director of the official German Export Credit and Investment Insurance Agency. Until 2014, he also served as Berne Union Vice President. His research focuses on trade, innovation and economic development.

Kyle McNally is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in the Global Policy Institute at Durham University. His current research is focused on humanitarianism, global health governance and forced migration policy. His publications include an upcoming book entitled Internal Displacement (2017) and Lessons from Intervention in the 21st Century (co-editor and contributing author, 2014). Kyle McNally was awarded his PhD from Durham University and his MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

James Orbinski has over 30 years of international experience in humanitarian medicine, having worked in situations of war, genocide, famine and epidemic disease. He was international president of Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders from 1998 to 2001. He is Professor and CIGI Research Chair in Global Health at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, Laurier University. He is also a full Professor at the University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health. His research touches on humanitarian medicine, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, global health governance, and the global health impacts of climate change.

Tom Pegram is Senior Lecturer in Global Governance at University College London and the Deputy Director of the UCL Global Governance Institute. He completed his DPhil in Politics from Nuffield College, University of Oxford. His research interests lie at the boundaries of global governance, international organizations, and the transnational politics of human rights implementation. He is co-editor of Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (with Ryan Goodman, 2012) and his scholarly articles have appeared in International Organization, European Journal of International Relations, Human Rights Quarterly and Governance, among others.

Taylor St John is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at PluriCourts, University of Oslo, and a Senior Research Associate at the Global Economic Governance Programme, University of Oxford. Her research concerns the international architecture for investment dispute resolution and the politics of foreign investment more generally. Her book The Rise of Investor–State Arbitration: Law, Politics, and Unintended Consequences will be published in 2017.

Kevin Young is an Associate Professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and works on the political economy of financial market reg­ulation, elite networks and transnational governance. He is co-author of Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need it Most (2013) and has published widely, in journals such as Regulation and Governance, Journal of Banking Regulation, Review of International Political Economy, Business and Politics, Socio-Economic Review and Public Administration.

There are increasing signs that the liberal international order created after 1945 now verges on collapse. While populism and nationalism are on the rise across the world, asserting the claims of particular peoples and places, we are more linked than ever before. These links require global cooperation and careful management. And yet we are not rising to this challenge. A series of global collective action problems, from the spread of weapons of mass destruction to climate change, threaten to render our societies weaker, poorer, and more violent. There is a substantial risk that humankind may not end the twenty-first century as well as we began it.

How these existential challenges are governed, and why their governance has been so inadequate, has preoccupied us for many years. In Gridlock: Why Multilateralism Is Failing When We Need It Most, published with Kevin Young in 2013, we sought to understand and explain the achievements and the limits of the postwar order. We concluded that deep structural trends, rooted in the extraordinary success of international cooperation and the transformations it allowed, now undermined its continued effectiveness and responsiveness. We set out a bleak picture of how gridlock paralyses multilateral governance, with dangerous implications.

This grim picture has stayed with us, and in some cases darkened further. However, it does not capture significant anomalies to the argument. Across world politics, some resilient pathways endure, and new pathways of change unfold. Over the last three years we have explored and examined these exceptions, and tried to understand the balance between the pressures of gridlock, on the one side, and pressures for change, on the other. Without understanding these trends, we cannot begin to break the cycle of gridlock.

Beyond Gridlock is distinctive in two ways. First, it offers a unique and comprehensive insight into political stasis and change at the global level – what works, and why, and where. Second, it has been written in an innovative way, drawing on the expertise of outstanding academics and policy experts working in a diverse range of problem areas. We brought this group together twice, once in Durham in 2015 and once in Oxford in 2016. These were far-ranging and intense discussions in which expertise on specific topics came into dialogue with arguments concerning cross-cutting global trends. This process laid the foundations for the work on this book, which began as an edited volume of essays but ended as a highly integrated, multi-authored text that deploys jointly developed theoretical and analytic tools. The result is an original and comparative analysis of the fundamental challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century.

We would like to thank all those who contributed in these discussions. These include all the contributors to this book, as well as Oliver Stuenkel, Vanda Felbab-Brown, Seyom Brown, Eva Maria Nag, Robert Wade, and Saba Mahmood. We also thank the Global Challenges Foundation for their support of the two workshops. Finally, Polity Press has been hugely supportive; we thank everyone there for their professionalism.