Cover
List of Figures
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Textile‐Supported Wireless Energy Transfer
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Textile‐Coated Single‐Wire Transmission Line
3. 1.3 Textile‐Integrated Components
4. 1.4 In‐Vehicle Wireless Energy Transfer
5. 1.5 Summary
6. References
2 A Review of Methods for the Electromagnetic Characterization of Textile Materials for the Development of Wearable Antennas
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials
3. 2.3 Dielectric Characterization Methods Applied to Textile Materials and Leather: A Survey
4. 2.4 Some Factors that Affect the Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Textiles
5. 2.5 Conclusions
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
3 Smart Beamforming Techniques for “On Demand” WPT
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Basics of Time‐modulated Arrays
3. 3.3 Nonlinear/Full‐Wave Co‐simulation of TMAS
4. 3.4 Two‐Step Agile WPT Strategy
5. 3.5 Simulation Results
6. 3.6 Measured Results
7. 3.7 TMA Architecture for Fundamental Pattern Steering
8. 3.8 Conclusion
9. References
4 Backscatter a Solution for IoT Devices
1. 4.1 Backscatter Basics
2. 4.2 An IoT‐Complete Sensor with Backscatter Capabilities
3. 4.3 The Power Availability for These Sensors
4. 4.4 Characterization of High‐Order Modulation Backscatter Systems
5. References
5 Ambient FM Backscattering Low‐Cost and Low‐Power Wireless RFID Applications
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Ambient Backscattering
3. 5.3 Conclusions
4. Acknowledgments
5. References
6 Backscatter RFID Sensor System for Remote Health Monitoring
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 On‐Body System
3. 6.3 Radio Channel
4. 6.4 System Performance
5. 6.5 Conclusions
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
7 Robotics Meets RFID for Simultaneous Localization (of Robots and Objects) and Mapping (SLAM) – A Joined Problem
1. 7.1 Scope
2. 7.2 Introduction
3. 7.3 Localization of RFID Tags – Prior Art
4. 7.4 A Brief Introduction in SLAM/Localization Techniques
5. 7.5 Prototype – Experimental Results
6. 7.6 Discussion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
8 From Identification to Sensing: Augmented RFID Tags
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Generic RFID Communication Chain
3. 8.3 RFID Sensor Tags: Examples from Literature or Commercially Available
4. 8.4 Comparison of Different Types of RFID Temperature Sensors
5. 8.5 Conclusion
6. References
9 Autonomous System of Wireless Power Distribution for Static and Moving Nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Data Routing in WSN Based on Multiple Spanning Trees Concept
3. 9.3 WPT System for 2D Distributed WSN
4. 9.4 WPT System for 3D Distributed WSN
5. 9.5 Locating System and Electromagnetic Power Supply for WSN in 3D Space
6. 9.6 Summary
7. References
10 Smartphone Reception of Microwatt, Meter to Kilometer Range Backscatter Resistive/Capacitive Sensors with Ambient FM Remodulation and Selection Diversity
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Operating Principle
3. 10.3 Impact of Noise
4. 10.4 Occupied Bandwidth
5. 10.5 Ambient Selection Diversity
6. 10.6 Analog Tag Implementation
7. 10.7 Performance Characterization
8. 10.8 Conclusions
9. 10.9 Bandwidth of
10. 10.10 Expectation of the Absolute Value of a Gaussian R.V
11. 10.11 Probability of Outage Under Ambient Selection Diversity
12. Acknowledgment
13. References
14. Notes
11 Design of an ULP‐ULV RF‐Powered CMOS Front‐End for Low‐Rate Autonomous Sensors
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Characterization of the Technology
3. 11.3 Ultra‐Low Power and Ultra‐Low Voltage RF‐Powered Transceiver for Autonomous Sensors
4. 11.4 Experimental Results
5. 11.5 Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
12 Rectenna Optimization Guidelines for Ambient Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Rectennas Under Low Input Powers
3. 12.3 The Chance of Collecting Ambient Electromagnetic Energy with a Specific Antenna
4. 12.4 Conclusion
5. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Relative permittivity of different type of materials.
2. Table 2.2 Summary of resonant methods to characterize textile materials and leat...
3. Table 2.3 Summary of nonresonant methods to characterize textile materials and l...
4. Table 2.4 Summary of the advantages and drawbacks of resonant and nonresonant me...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 EVM results for different values of input power.
2. Table 4.2 EVM results for different distances.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Tag power characteristics.
2. Table 5.2 Tag current consumption.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Material parameters for muscle, skin (dry), and fat (average infiltrat...
2. Table 6.2List of body postures performed during the channel measurement 44.
3. Table 6.3Temporal mean of antenna matching for all four on‐body links (stomach‐b...
4. Table 6.4 Outage probabilities for a gain threshold ofFTh = − 47 dB....
5. Table 6.5 Outage probabilities for a gain threshold ofFTh = − 70 dB....
6. Table 6.6 Outage probabilities for a gain threshold ofBTh = − 118 dB...
7. Table 6.7 Outage probabilities for a gain threshold ofBTh = − 124 dB....
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1. Localization error, applying the “holographic” algorithm for the six ...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 RFID chip sensitivity and read range for ETSI regulation during the pa...
2. Table 8.2 RFID IC's with extra functionalities.
3. Table 8.3 Summary of RFID sensor types.
4. Table 8.4 Comparison between examples found in literature.
5. Table 8.5 Comparison between temperature sensing RFID tags.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Overall power consumption and 555 frequency offset.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Technological parameters.
2. Table 11.2V _A for the PMOS transistor.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Ambient power densities measurements.
2. Table 12.2 Polarization mismatch.
3. Table 12.3 Polarization mismatch over time in a Rayleigh propagation environment...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 On‐surface wireless energy transfer: replacing dipole antenna by mo...
2. Figure 1.2 (a) Conventional upholstery from a car. (b) Knitted fabric SINTEX T...
3. Figure 1.3 Wireless energy transfer. From bottom: wave in free space, wave abo...
4. Figure 1.4 Dependence of transmission on the distance between antennas. (a) 60...
5. Figure 1.5 Wireless energy distribution by single‐wire transmission line at 8 ...
6. Figure 1.6 Wave‐guiding channel inside a periodic structure: penetration of en...
7. Figure 1.7 Substrate integrated waveguide.
8. Figure 1.8 (a) Textile integrated waveguide fabricated from a self‐adhesive co...
9. Figure 1.9 (a) Numerical simulation of the reference transmission line. (b) Fr...
10. Figure 1.10 (a) SIW for experimental characterization of conductive threads. (...
11. Figure 1.11 Multi‐layer coaxial‐to‐TIW and coaxial‐to‐microstrip transitions.
12. Figure 1.12 (a) Frequency responses of reflection and transmission coefficient...
13. Figure 1.13 (a) Frequency responses of textile‐integrated microwave filter: si...
14. Figure 1.14 Glass‐laminate panels used for fixing the textile substrate. By th...
15. Figure 1.15 Textile‐integrated slot loop antennas.
16. Figure 1.16 Frequency response of reflection coefficient at the input of texti...
17. Figure 1.17 Textile‐integrated slot loop antennas for vehicular applications [...
18. Figure 1.18 Frequency response of reflection coefficient at the input of texti...
19. Figure 1.19 Directivity patterns of textile‐integrated slot loop antenna for v...
20. Figure 1.20 Measurements in the airplane Evektor VUT 100. (a) Transmit antenna...
21. Figure 1.21 Frequency response of transmission between printed slot ring anten...
22. Figure 1.22 Textile‐integrated four‐element antenna array [20]. Screen‐printin...
23. Figure 1.23 Radiation patterns of the antenna array; right‐hand circular polar...
24. Figure 1.24 Textile‐integrated slot loop antenna for the 24 GHz ISM band. (a) ...
25. Figure 1.25 Textile‐integrated slot loop antenna for the 24 GHz ISM band [21]....
26. Figure 1.26 Radiation patterns of textile‐integrated slot loop antenna for the...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Layout of microstrip patch antenna: (a) front view and (b) cross se...
2. Figure 2.2 Basic setup for surface resistance and surface resistivity measurem...
3. Figure 2.3 Cavity perturbation (a) original cavity (b) perturbed cavity after ...
4. Figure 2.4 Types of microstrip resonators: (a) straight ribbon resonator, (b) ...
5. Figure 2.5 Dielectric characterization procedure through the microstrip patch ...
6. Figure 2.6 Agilent 85070E dielectric measurement probe kit.
7. Figure 2.7 Setup of the parallel plate dielectric characterization method.
8. Figure 2.8 Setup of the free space method.
9. Figure 2.9 Types of transmission lines: (a) microstrip, (b) stripline, (c) cop...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Block scheme of a WPT link with the involved power contributions.
2. Figure 3.2 Detail of the wireless link with the involved power contributions.
3. Figure 3.3 Schematic representation of a linear n _A‐element TMA.
4. Figure 3.4 Examples of periodical switches excitation sequences, modulating th...
5. Figure 3.5 Two‐step WPT procedure exploiting a linear TMA. (a) First step: tag...
6. Figure 3.6 Switches driving sequences of a two‐element array for localization ...
7. Figure 3.7 Fixed Σ and steerable Δ patterns of an ideal array of two isotropic...
8. Figure 3.8 Ideal full exploitation of a 16‐dipole TMA sideband radiation, when...
9. Figure 3.9 Layouts and dimensions (in mm) of planar two‐element TMAs with: (a)...
10. Figure 3.10 MPR plots of the planar two‐element TMAs with λ/2‐spaced mono...
11. Figure 3.11 (a) Layout and dimensions (in mm) of planar two‐patch TMA; (b) cor...
12. Figure 3.12 (a) Equally and (b) unequally spaced arrays of 16 planar monopoles...
13. Figure 3.13 Switches control pattern for the 16‐dipole arrays of Figure 4.12.
14. Figure 3.14 Radiation patterns at the fundamental (solid line) and at the two ...
15. Figure 3.15 Far‐field envelopes at 1 m‐distance, in correspondence of the thre...
16. Figure 3.16 Effects of the input RF power level on the radiation pattern at th...
17. Figure 3.17 2.45 GHz prototype of a two‐monopole TMA, with lines dimensions (l...
18. Figure 3.18 Pulse waveforms measured at the microprocessor output ports, for t...
19. Figure 3.19 Measured fundamental and first sideband harmonics spectra, radiate...
20. Figure 3.20 Measured Σ (at fundamental) and Δ radiation patterns (at first sid...
21. Figure 3.21 (a) 4‐patch TMA architecture @ 5.8 GHz able to control the phase o...
22. Figure 3.22 TMA layout for precise localization purposes: a standard antenna (...
23. Figure 3.23 Switches on‐sequences for a phase‐shift ψ equal to (a) 30°; (...
24. Figure 3.24 Steering performance of the fundamental radiation pattern by chang...
25. Figure 3.25 Switch control sequences for the two‐element TMA of Figure 3.22 fo...
26. Figure 3.26 Σ (solid line) and Δ (dashed line) patterns identical steering for...
27. Figure 3.27 MPR peaks provided by the two‐element TMA of Figure 3.22 (with D =...
28. Figure 3.28 Layout of an nine‐element linear TMA for energy‐aware WPT with the...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Passive RFID system overview.
2. Figure 4.2 Block diagram of the system based on backscattering with WPT.
3. Figure 4.3 Photograph of implemented system with backscatter modulator combine...
4. Figure 4.4 16‐QAM backscatter modulation scheme. (a) Design of 16‐QAM backscat...
5. Figure 4.5 Photograph of the proposed system, composed by a 16‐QAM modulator a...
6. Figure 4.6 Block diagram of the implemented system.
7. Figure 4.7 Developed PCB.
8. Figure 4.8 Code diagram.
9. Figure 4.9 Digital output.
10. Figure 4.10 Antennas and RF‐DC converter adaptation.
11. Figure 4.11 Final setup.
12. Figure 4.12 Transmitted power versus maximum distance.
13. Figure 4.13 Representation of the proposed wireless power transfer system.
14. Figure 4.14 Transmitter block diagram including the backscattering transceiver...
15. Figure 4.15 Basic beamforming block. (a) IQ modulator. (b) Representation in t...
16. Figure 4.16 Representation of the planar 4 × 4 wireless power microstrip anten...
17. Figure 4.17 Radiation patterns in the azimuth plane measured after calibration...
18. Figure 4.18 Receiving device schematic composed by two antennas, an RF to dc c...
19. Figure 4.19 Measured relationship between f _m and the available RF input power
20. Figure 4.20 Measured LED dc power consumption when the backscattering circuit ...
21. Figure 4.21 Measured backscattered frequency modulation (f _m) for each beam dir...
22. Figure 4.22 Radiation patterns used by the transmitter to sequentially light u...
23. Figure 4.23 Block diagram of the implemented system.
24. Figure 4.24 Backscatter modulator characterization system setup.
25. Figure 4.25 Block diagram of the implemented system with antennas.
26. Figure 4.26 Backscatter modulator characterization system setup with antennas.
27. Figure 4.27 LabVIEW application.
28. Figure 4.28 LabVIEW application flowchart.
29. Figure 4.29 (a) 16‐QAM, (b) 32‐QAM, and (c) 64‐QAM results and the respective ...
30. Figure 4.30 First calibration plane and second calibration plane.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Deployment of ambient backscattering in smart agriculture applicati...
2. Figure 5.2 Bistatic backscatter principle. The emitter transmits a carrier sig...
3. Figure 5.3 Backscatter radio principle: an RF transistor alternates the termin...
4. Figure 5.4 The tag modulates the backscattered signal by changing the load con...
5. Figure 5.5 Baseband spectrum of an FM audio station. The signal contains left ...
6. Figure 5.6 The first proposed tag prototype comprises of an MSP430 development...
7. Figure 5.7 (a) The proof‐of‐concept 4‐PAM tag consists of an MCU and an RF fro...
8. Figure 5.8 (a) Fabricated RF front‐end prototype board. (b) Smith chart with m...
9. Figure 5.9 (a) FM0 encoding, the boundaries of the bits must always be differe...
10. Figure 5.10 Time domain backscatter packet signals, (a) oscilloscope measureme...
11. Figure 5.11 The 4‐PAM symbols. Three thresholds are calculated for the decisio...
12. Figure 5.12 USB software defined radio receiver and telescopic monopole antenn...
13. Figure 5.13 (A) Flow chart of the real‐time receiver algorithm for binary modu...
14. Figure 5.14 Received packet signal. (a) Signal after squared absolute operatio...
15. Figure 5.15 (a) FM radio deployment near Edinburgh (UK). The BBC 95.8 MHz stat...
16. Figure 5.16 Indoor experimental setup. The tag with the FM antenna was set in ...
17. Figure 5.17 (a) Measured packet error rate (PER) versus the tag‐receiver dista...
18. Figure 5.18 (a) Oscilloscope measurement of the time‐domain backscatter packet...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 On‐body RFID system: the sensor tag on the female's back is represe...
2. Figure 6.2 Relative permittivity, ε _r , of muscle, skin, fat, and two‐third...
3. Figure 6.3 Electric conductivity, σ , of muscle, skin, fat, and two‐third ...
4. Figure 6.4: HFSS model for the channel computation of the stomach‐chest link: ...
5. Figure 6.5 On‐body monopole antennas resonant at 900 MHz (b) and 2.45 GHz...
6. Figure 6.6 On‐body patch antennas resonant at 900 MHz (b) and 2.45 GHz...
7. Figure 6.7 Link budget of the backscatter radio channel.
8. Figure 6.8 Measurement setup: the reflection and transmission properties of th...
9. Figure 6.9 Simulated and measured magnitudes of scattering parameters (∣S11∣...
10. Figure 6.10 Simulated and measured magnitudes of scattering parameters (∣S11∣...
11. Figure 6.11 Measured magnitudes of reflection coefficients of the reader and t...
12. Figure 6.12 Measured magnitudes of reflection coefficients of the reader and t...
13. Figure 6.13 Measured magnitudes of reflection coefficients of the reader and t...
14. Figure 6.14 Measured magnitudes of reflection coefficients of the reader and t...
15. Figure 6.15 Measured magnitudes of the channel transfer function ∣S21∣...
16. Figure 6.16 CDF of the channel gain |S ₂₁|² for all four on‐body links using th...
17. Figure 6.17 Outage probability P _F versus gain threshold F _Th of the stomach‐bac...
18. Figure 6.18Figure 6.18 Outage probability P _F versus gain threshold F _Th of the ...
19. Figure 6.19Figure 6.19 Outage probability P _F versus gain threshold F _Th of the ...
20. Figure 6.20 Outage probability P _F versus gain threshold F _Th of the stomach‐hea...
21. Figure 6.21 Outage probability P _B versus gain threshold B _Th of the stomach‐bac...
22. Figure 6.22 Outage probability P _B versus gain threshold B _Th of the stomach‐che...
23. Figure 6.23 Outage probability P _B versus gain threshold B _Th of the stomach‐wri...
24. Figure 6.24 Outage probability P _B versus gain threshold B _Th of the stomach‐hea...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 “Impinj R420” RFID reader.
2. Figure 7.2 RFID tags.
3. Figure 7.3 UHF RFID antennas.
4. Figure 7.4 Tracking of passengers and luggage in an airport.
5. Figure 7.5 Tracking of goods in a warehouse.
6. Figure 7.6 Tracking of cargo in a harbor.
7. Figure 7.7 Tracking of books in a library.
8. Figure 7.8 Tracking of products in retail.
9. Figure 7.9 Tracking of animals in livestock units.
10. Figure 7.10 An obstructed case, where an RFID‐reader measures the reflected pa...
11. Figure 7.11 Phase measurement at two antennas connected to a monostatic RFID r...
12. Figure 7.12 AOA estimation region for different antenna spacing L.
13. Figure 7.13 OGM produced by CRSM SLAM.
14. Figure 7.14 AMCL (http://wiki.ros.org/amcl) algorithm in ROS – particles dispe...
15. Figure 7.15 AMCL algorithm in player – ambiguity due to symmetry.
16. Figure 7.16 Loop closing problem in SLAM.
17. Figure 7.17 Loss of reference at a long corridor in a scan‐matching SLAM.
18. Figure 7.18 Nonlinearity error introduced by robot slippage and/or SLAM algori...
19. Figure 7.19 Total loss of robot pose and map reference.
20. Figure 7.20 (a) Photo of the RFID‐equipped robot, during measurements (with di...
21. Figure 7.21 OGM of the Microwaves laboratory, ECE, utilizing Cartographer as S...
22. Figure 7.22 Estimated path of the robot (gray), actual locations of RFID tags ...
23. Figure 7.23 Measured phase and power for one of the tags, as the robot moves i...
24. Figure 7.24 Measured phase and power for a tag.
25. Figure 7.25 E‐dimensional plot of the holographic metric, applied for a given ...
26. Figure 7.26 Measured versus best “matched” phase for the “holographic” localiz...
27. Figure 7.27[[dot]] Under blocking conditions, few measurements were collected ...
28. Figure 7.28 Estimated versus actual location of RFID tags for the 20 cm/s read...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 RFID market growth forecast.
2. Figure 8.2 Description of the classification format. Each Latin number represe...
3. Figure 8.3 RFID sensor types: (a) internal type and (b) external type.
4. Figure 8.4 Architecture of an RFID reader.
5. Figure 8.5 External type RFID temperature sensor.
6. Figure 8.6 Internal type RFID temperature sensor.
7. Figure 8.7 Chipless gas sensor.
8. Figure 8.8 RFID light sensing tag.
9. Figure 8.9 Threshold temperature RFID sensor tag.
10. Figure 8.10 Meat‐quality sensing RFID tags.
11. Figure 8.11 Temperature sensor from RFMicron.
12. Figure 8.12 Temperature and pressure sensing tag from Farsens.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Priority connection between nodes. Node n₀ is a data sender. If nod...
2. Figure 9.2 (a–c) Three exemplary spanning tress, with disjointed set of edges ...
3. Figure 9.3 Routing in proposed WSN network in case of (a) failure of one node,...
4. Figure 9.4 View of main window of network simulator. Nodes are indicated with ...
5. Figure 9.5 Example of multi‐tree (two trees) topology calculated for redundant...
6. Figure 9.6 Comparison of percentage of packets lost for proposed routing algor...
7. Figure 9.7 Block diagram of 3D WPT system used for powering WSN nodes.
8. Figure 9.8 Block diagram of 4 × 4 Butler matrix.
9. Figure 9.9 Generation of equiphase wave front using equal phase differences be...
10. Figure 9.10 Rectifier with Villard‐bridge‐based voltage multiplier [16].
11. Figure 9.11 Microwave switch and power amplifiers to switch Butler matrix inpu...
12. Figure 9.12 2.45 GHz Butler matrix connected to 4 × 1 microstrip patch antenna...
13. Figure 9.13 Radiation patterns of 4 × 1 patch antenna connected to Butler matr...
14. Figure 9.14 Manufactured 2 × 2 antenna array.
15. Figure 9.15 Radiation patterns of manufactured 2 × 2 antenna array.
16. Figure 9.16 Components used in receiving parts of WPT system. Rectifier (b) is...
17. Figure 9.17 Final experimental setup of WPT system.
18. Figure 9.18 Results of charging experiment with low tilt beams (outer inputs o...
19. Figure 9.19 Results of charging experiment with high tilt beams (outer inputs ...
20. Figure 9.20 Schematic diagram of algorithm.
21. Figure 9.21 Highly directional planar Yagi–Uda antenna for 2.45 GHz.
22. Figure 9.22 Rectifier with WSN node.
23. Figure 9.23 Autonomous WPT system realized for supplying power to WSN nodes di...
24. Figure 9.24 Result of 2D charging experiment.
25. Figure 9.25 (a) Four antenna arrays placed in tetrahedral configuration. (b) A...
26. Figure 9.26 A simplified block diagram of the WPT system for 3D powering WSN n...
27. Figure 9.27 Block diagram of 3D WPT system used for powering WSN nodes.
28. Figure 9.28 Structure of 2 × 2 patch antenna array.
29. Figure 9.29 Typical radiation patterns with microstrip patches supplied by pha...
30. Figure 9.30 Block diagram of beam switching circuit for 2 × 2 patch antenna ar...
31. Figure 9.31 Exemplary board including SP2T switches and hybrid couplers requir...
32. Figure 9.32 Tracking and data exchange system with indication of rotation plan...
33. Figure 9.33 Block diagram of the tracking system. The total of four receivers ...
34. Figure 9.34 Back of rotatory platform including receivers and stepper motors.
35. Figure 9.35 View of PCB receiver including pads for LNA, two SAW filters, two ...
36. Figure 9.36 Radiation pattern and structure of quadrifilar helix antenna (a) a...
37. Figure 9.37 Antenna directivity with marked valid region of radiation pattern ...
38. Figure 9.38 3D chart showing angles of tracking system during sounding rocket ...
39. Figure 9.39 3D visualizations of (a) tracking and data exchange system for sou...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Remodulation with backscatter and selection diversity.
2. Figure 10.2 Qualitative illustration of the convolutions involved in calculati...
3. Figure 10.3 Probability of outage according to Eq. (10.54) when Θ_RF corre...
4. Figure 10.4 Maximizing sensor's audio output level.
5. Figure 10.5 Tag implementation.
6. Figure 10.6 Experimental setup using solar panel as power supply.
7. Figure 10.7 Measured spectrum of smartphone audio output; the tag sensing capa...
8. Figure 10.8 Output SINR versus input SNR for two different tag maximum deviati...
9. Figure 10.9 Output SINR versus input SNR for two different tag maximum deviati...
10. Figure 10.10 Output SINR versus tag maximum frequency deviation Δfmax = ksw ma...
11. Figure 10.11 Outdoor performance, for two different radio stations. Average po...
12. Figure 10.12 Simulated (a) and numerically evaluated (b), single‐sided spectru...
13. Figure 10.13 Tag is simultaneously illuminated by multiple stations, each offe...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Block diagram of a WSN node.
2. Figure 11.2 Block diagram of the developed system. The driver's enable transis...
3. Figure 11.3 Flow diagram of the developed system.
4. Figure 11.4 Curves (NMOS) g _m/I _D versus ID/(W/L) for (W/L) = 10 μm/10 μm, (W/L)...
5. Figure 11.5 Curves (PMOS) g _m/I _D versus ID/(W/L) for (W/L) = 10 μm/10 μm, (W/L)...
6. Figure 11.6 g _m/I _D versus V _GS for (W/L) = 10 μm/10 μm, (W/L) = 1 μm/1 μm, (W/L)...
7. Figure 11.7 Simulation setup for obtaining C _OX. (a) NMOS and (b) PMOS transist...
8. Figure 11.8 NMOS: μC _OX versus V _GS for (W/L) = 10 μm/10 μm, (W/L) = 1 μm/1 μm, ...
9. Figure 11.9 PMOS: μC _OX versus V _GS for (W/L) = 10 μm/10 μm, (W/L) = 1 μm/1 μm, ...
10. Figure 11.10 Simulation setup for obtaining V _A. (a) NMOS and (b) PMOS transist...
11. Figure 11.11 V _A versus length for NMOS and PMOS transistors.
12. Figure 11.12 Simplified block diagram of the PM and the RX.
13. Figure 11.13 Dickson charge pump cell for RF signals.
14. Figure 11.14 Topology of the implemented diodes.
15. Figure 11.15 Topology of the implemented DLAST diode.
16. Figure 11.16 Charge and discharge of the external capacitor C _EXT.
17. Figure 11.17 Schematic of the V _REF circuit.
18. Figure 11.18 Schematic of the COMP1.
19. Figure 11.19 Schematic of the I _REF circuit.
20. Figure 11.20 Schematic of the COMP2.
21. Figure 11.21 Control unit behavior.
22. Figure 11.22 Layout of the control unit.
23. Figure 11.23 Schematic of the VCO.
24. Figure 11.24 Simplified schematic of the driver.
25. Figure 11.25 Simulation of the PA.
26. Figure 11.26 Schematic of the PA.
27. Figure 11.27 Layout of the chip.
28. Figure 11.28 Charge and transmission of the chip.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Block diagram of a rectenna for low‐power energy harvesting.
2. Figure 12.2 Harvestable power density (nW/cm²) given as a function of the RF p...
3. Figure 12.3 Most common rectifier topologies: (a) single series diode, (b) sin...
4. Figure 12.4 State‐of‐the‐art of the efficiency (%) of some rectifiers (with ma...
5. Figure 12.5 Theoretical reflection coefficient of an ideal single serial diode...
6. Figure 12.6 Theoretical matching efficiency as a function of the power match f...
7. Figure 12.7 (a) Rectenna array with DC combination. (b) Antenna array with a b...
8. Figure 12.8 Directional radiation pattern with solid angle Ω of a (a) single a...
9. Figure 12.9 Harvesting capability (π %.sr) (12.35) of state‐of‐the‐art rectenn...

Copyright

This edition first published 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Nuno Borges Carvalho and Apostolos Georgiadis to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Carvalho, Nuno Borges, editor. | Georgiadis, Apostolos, editor. |

COST WiPE–IC1301 (Project)

Title: Wireless power transmission for sustainable electronics : COST

WiPE–IC1301 / Nuno Borges Carvalho, Instituto de Telecomunicações,

Universidade de Aveiro, Apostolos Georgiadis, Heriot‐Watt University,

Edinburgh, UK.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020.

| Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019041400 (print) | LCCN 2019041401 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119578543 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119578499 (adobe pdf) | ISBN

9781119578574 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Wireless power transmission. | Electronic apparatus and

appliances–Power supply. | Green electronics.

Classification: LCC TK3088 .W635 2020 (print) | LCC TK3088 (ebook) | DDC

621.319–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019041400

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019041401

Cover design by Wiley

Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics

COST WiPE ‐ IC1301

Copyright