Third Edition
This edition first published 2020
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Raff, Jonathan D., author. | Hites, R. A., author.
Title: Elements of environmental chemistry / Jonathan Daniel Raff and
Ronald Atlee Hites, O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs,
Indiana University.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020015410 (print) | LCCN 2020015411 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119434870 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119434887 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119434894 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental chemistry.
Classification: LCC TD193 .H58 2020 (print) | LCC TD193 (ebook) | DDC
577/.14—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020015410
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020015411
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: © watercolor paintings by Jonathan D. Raff
Note on the Cover:
The illustrations on the cover represent the four “elements” of an environmental chemist's periodic table (water, earth, fire, and air) viewed through the lens of climate change. The images are watercolor paintings by Jonathan D. Raff and depict arctic sea ice (water), drought (land), a burning forest (fire), and a hurricane viewed from Earth's orbit (air). This bit of whimsy was suggested by a Sidney Harris cartoon appearing in his book What's So Funny About Science? (William Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1977). A full periodic table of the elements is given in Appendix B.
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Chennai, India
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To
Malte Thorben Raff
Benjamin Atlee Hites
Gavin James Mahoney
Many chemistry and environmental science departments now feature a course on environmental chemistry, and several textbooks support these courses. The coverage and quality of these textbooks varies – in some cases dramatically. Although it is obviously a matter of opinion (depending on the instructor's background and skills), it seems to us that a good environmental chemistry textbook should be quantitative and should develop students' skills with numerous real‐world problems.
This book aims at a quantitative approach to environmental chemistry. In fact, one could think of this book as providing the student with the essence of environmental chemistry and with a toolbox for solving problems. These skills are transferable to other fields beyond environmental chemistry. With their effort, this book will allow students to understand problem‐solving methods in the context of environmental chemistry, and it will provide the basic concepts of environmental chemistry such that these problem‐solving skills can be used to understand even more complex environmental challenges.
This is a relatively short book. Its goal is to be tutorial and informal; thus, the text features many quantitative story problems (indicated by bold font). For each problem, a strategy is developed, and the solution is provided. Although short, this book is not intended to be read quickly. It is an interactive textbook, and it is intended to be read with a pencil and calculator in hand so that the reader can follow the problem statement, the strategy for solving the problem, and the calculations used in arriving at an answer. “Reading” this book will do the student little good without actually doing the problems. It is not sufficient for the student to say, “I could do that problem if I had to.” The student must work out the problems if he or she is going to learn this material.
In addition to the problems in the text, each chapter ends with a problem set. Besides reinforcing concepts introduced in the chapter, we have tried to incorporate issues from the scientific literature and from the “real world” in these problem‐set questions. The answers to these questions are at the back of the book, and full solutions are in a Solution Manual available from the authors to qualified instructors. Most of the problem sets include a problem or two that require a bit more time and the application of simple computing using Excel. These are labeled as such. They could be assigned to small groups of students or held back for the especially competent student.
As a stand‐alone text, this book is suitable for a one‐semester course (particularly if supplemented with a few lectures on the instructor's favorite environmental topics) aimed at upper‐level undergraduate chemistry or civil engineering majors or at first‐year graduate students with only a modest physical science background. Because of its tutorial nature, this book would also make a good self‐study text for entry‐level professionals. A little calculus will help the reader follow the exposition in a few places, but it is not necessary.
The third edition has been revised and rearranged. The first chapter on tool skills has been expanded to include thermodynamic considerations and measurement issues. Chapter 6 on the partitioning of organic compounds has been expanded to cover the fates of organic compounds. The material on mercury, lead, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and flame retardants has been expanded and combined into Chapter 7 and supplemented with more references to the literature and to the semi‐popular press. The tutorial on organic chemistry names and structures has been kept as Appendix A.
We thank the hundreds of students who used this material in our classes over the years and who were not shy in explaining to us where the material was deficient. Nevertheless, errors likely remain, and we take full responsibility for them.
We would be happy to hear from you. If we have omitted your favorite topic, been singularly unclear about something, or made an error with a problem set solution, please let us know.
Bloomington, IN, USA
April 2020
Jonathan D. Raff
JDRaff@Indiana.edu
Ronald A. Hites
HitesR@Indiana.edu